The application of physiognomy and portrait painting in physiognomy

The application of physiognomy　　and portrait painting in physiognomy

Portrait painting uses real people as the object of depiction, and is also called portrait, portrayal or vividness.

Xiangshu is a spell that judges a person's character, destiny, misfortune, etc. through his face, hands, bones, complexion, etc. It is unknown when it originated. According to "The First Year of Zuo Zhuan Wen Gong", in 626 BC, King Zhou Xiang sent Neishi Shufu to Lu to attend Lu Xi's funeral. Gongsun Ao heard that he was capable of physiognomy and asked his two sons, Gu He Nan, to come out. meet him. Uncle Fu said, Gu will sacrifice and support his father, it is difficult to bury his father; Gu's chin is plump, and there will be descendants in Lu. In Liu Xiang's "New Preface · Miscellaneous Fifth", when the king of Chuzhuang (613-604 BC), there was a man in Chu State who was good at looking at pictures. He was well-known throughout the country for his mistakes in looking at pictures. He was praised by the king of Chuzhuang. Interview. "Historical Records: The Family of Confucius" contains that Confucius understands physiognomy. When he traveled to the Kingdom of Zheng with Zi Gong and others, he walked away in the city.

A local person who could see the picture told Zi Gong that there was a man at the east gate of the city with a head like Yao, a neck like Gaotao, and a shoulder like the son of Prime Minister Zheng, but from the waist down, it was three inches shorter than Dayu, and his head was downcast. Looks like a mourning dog. Zi Gong told Confucius what he had said, and Confucius repeatedly said that they were accurate. "Historical Records of the Family of Zhao", in the late Spring and Autumn Period, Zhao Jianzi, the founder of the State of Zhao, asked Gu Bu Ziqing to see the pictures for his sons. There was no good sign, but when he saw Zhao Wuxie born by the maid, he thought it was a noble one. Later, Zhao Jianzi abolished the prince and established Wu-Shi as the prince, who really became the founding king of the Zhao country.

According to Wang Chong's "Lun Heng·Bone Phase", military strategist Wei Liao once presented to Qin Wang Yingzheng a strategy of annexing the world. After Qin Wang adopted it, he treated him very preferentially. The two dress and eat the same. Wei Liao said to people: King Qin has a high nose, big eyes, and a protruding chest like an eagle. He looks like a tiger when he looks at people . He rarely shows favors. When he is unwilling, he degrades his status and treats people when he is proud. To be his slave. When Liu Bang, the founding emperor of the Han Dynasty, was young, he had a big nose, beautiful beard, hoopoe, chest like a fighting, back like a tortoise, legs like a dragon's foot, and 72 moles on his left thigh. Lu Wenhui of Shanfu County, when he first saw Liu Bang, he claimed that he had been a handsome man since he was a child. He had never seen Liu Bang look like this, and warned him to love himself and married his daughter to him.

"Historical Records: The Benji of Gaozu" and Collected Explanations of Pei Qi, Zhang Shouyi Zhengyi, Wang Chong: "Lunheng·Bone Phase". The Eastern Han Dynasty Wang Chong (27-about 97 years) "Lunheng·Bone Phase" elaborated on the relationship between human bones, shape, appearance and human character and destiny. It listed Huangdi, Zhuanxu, Dixu, Yao, Shun, Yu, Shangtang Wang, The facial features of historical celebrities such as Zhou Wenwang, Zhou Wuwang, Zhou Gong, Gao Tao, Confucius, Liu Bang, Lvhou, Han Hui Emperor, Han Yuan Emperor Empress, Zhao Wuxie, Tingbu, Wei Qing, Zhou Yafu, Qin Shihuang and the like In the story. The surviving masterpieces of Xiangshu include "Sixteen Chapters of Xiangfa" by Xu Shi in the Han Dynasty, "Xiangjing" (Compiled by Wang Renjun in the Qing Dynasty), "Xianerjing" by Yan Zhu, and "Yuebodong Zhongji" by Zhang Zhongyuan from the Three Kingdoms ; Wei Jin "Shangshou Banjing"; Northern Dynasty Zhou Wangpu "Taiqing Shenjian"; Tang Dynasty "Xiangshu" (Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes); Five Dynasties Southern Tang and Song Qiqiu "Jade Guanzhao Shenju"; Song Dynasty Wu Chuhou" "On Xiang"; Jin Dynasty Zhang Xingjian "Ren Lun Datong Fu"; Qing Dynasty Song Jin "Ancient View of Human Law" and so on.

Xiangshu believes that appearance has a corresponding relationship with the fate of a person. Tao Hongjing, a scholar in the Southern Dynasties, believes that appearance is a sign of destiny and good fortune; Liu Xiaobiao believes that the two are like sound and sound as mutual cause and effect. Liang·Tao Hongjing: "Preface to Xiangjing": "The master of life, the work that covers life is the bone, the good and the bad show the appearance." Liang Liu Xiaobiao: "The preface of Xiangjing": "The fate and the phase, the sound and the sound There is a corresponding relationship between the human form and the five elements. The legends of the predecessors in "Lite Wei·Rite Fighting Prestige" pointed out that a king who relies on water virtue, because of the black water, his people are also black, and the water is a pig , his people have big ears, and his subjects are big heads; a king who relies on fire virtue is because of the sharp fire. , The subjects are also pointed; by virtue of the king of Mude, his hair is beautiful, his people have long necks; the king of Jinde, because of the golden white, his people are white and tall, and the king himself has beautiful eyebrows; by virtue of the king of Tude, he His subjects are long-winded and love to laugh. In "Mozi·Mingguixia", Qin Mugong once saw the god walking to the left from outside the temple in the Taimiao during the day, with a bird body, white clothes and black edges, and a square face. This square face is exactly the ideal face shape of the statues and portraits of the past dynasties, and is called the "national character shape" in the eight human figures.

Gu Kaizhi of the Eastern Jin Dynasty claimed that the vivid portrayal was not about the limbs but about the depiction of the eyes. This kind of thinking originated from the Xiangshu of the Han Dynasty physiogist Xu Ning. Xu Xi's "Sixteen Chapters of Xiangfa": "A face of a foot is not as good as an eye of an inch." Jin Yang Quan's "Theory of Things" also said: "Three stop and nine princes are fixed on the face of a foot. Foolish, brave and cowardly, Shaped in the eye of an inch. "The figure is colored, usually white on the forehead, nose, and chin, which is called the "three white method". The basis of the Sanbai method is the phase method. Xiangshuists believe that the three parts are better than Mingwang, and they are known as the "Three Lights".

The "Shen Xiang Quan Bian", named after Chen Tuan in the Northern Song Dynasty and popular in Ming and Qing dynasties, divides the human face into eight types, namely majestic, thick, pure, ancient, lonely, thin, evil, and vulgar; the face is divided into ten. A bad form, namely, tip of forehead, tip of chin, sunken hole, no contour on face, sunken root of nose, dew door, no beard covering lips, no earlobe, no beard, etc. With reference to the figure paintings of the Ming and Qing dynasties, the above viewpoints have a significant influence on the modeling of portraits. Yuyue in the Qing Dynasty, "Continued Copy of the Tea Room·Yue Zhongwu Statue", in the Southern Song Dynasty Liu Songnian's "Song Zhongxing Four Generals", in which Yue Fei has a large and square face, wide forehead and thin eyebrows, round nose, fat cheeks, long under the mouth Long double chin, without beard. These features that are regarded as the true image of Yue Fei, such as the absence of a beard, are not auspicious according to anthropology, so they were modified by later painters and sculptors. Fan Yue Fei's portraits and statues all have beards.

According to legend, Ming Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang had a dragon-shaped face with a beard and twelve sunspots on his left face. According to Zhang Xuan of the Ming Dynasty, "The Statue of Emperor Gao, Suspected Yao", at that time someone saw the painting of Emperor Ming Taizu at the residence of the king of Guizhou, which is the same as the legend. The portrait of Taizu that Zhang Xuan later saw in the palace was a picture of a beautiful man, with neither dragon-shaped beards nor twelve sunspots. This very different portrait painting means that the two are subject to different physiognomy.

1. Phase method and painting method: Phase method is a method used by the painter to observe and depict portraits by borrowing from Xiangshu. Wang Yi of the Yuan Dynasty believed that the five sense organs of a person are as different as those of the five mountains and the four rivers of the Yangtze, Huai, River and Ji. The complexion of the four seasons of the year is also different; when the other party screams and talks, his nature is revealed. The painter keeps his mind in mind through contemplation, which is the method of physiognomy. According to physiognomyists, the nose of a person determines the wealth of a lifetime, so the figure painting starts from the nose. According to the traditional concept of left-respect and right-inferiority, first draw the left nose, then the right nose, the left is called Lantai, and the right is called Tingwei. Then draw the nose. If the bridge of the nose is high, draw one stroke from between the eyebrows to the tip of the nose; if the bridge of the nose is low, draw one stroke from the side of the eye to the tip of the nose; if it is not high or low, draw one stroke from the side to the tip of the nose.

The following sequence is the middle, the mouth, the eyes, the eyes, the eyebrows, the forehead, the cheeks, the hairline, the ears, the outline of the head, the outline of the face. Wang Yi: "The Secrets of Portrait Writing·The Secrets of Portrait Writing": "Everyone who writes must know how to write. The face of the man is different from that of the husband, the five mountains and the four dunes. Each has its own contrast, and the four seasons are also different. The other side is called. During the talks, I see my true temperament, and I ask for it quietly, acquainted with my heart, closing my eyes as in the present, and putting the pen at the bottom of the pen. Then I set it with light ink, first Lantai Tingwei, second Nose Huai, the nose is already established, take it as the main thing. If the root of the mountain is high, take a stroke from the Yintang; if it is low, take a stroke from the side of the eye, or if it is not high or low and care about eighty or nine points, then take it down from the side. , The second person, the second mouth, the second eye, the second eye, the second eyebrow, the second forehead, the second cheek, the second hairline, the second ear, the second hair, the second head, the second circle. The face of the circled person is also.” Wang Pu : "Taiqing Shenjian" Volume 2: "The quasi-head master is rich and poor....Left is Lantai, right is Tingwei".

2. Three courts, five matches, and eight patterns: Eight patterns refer to the eight types of human faces, which are like Tian, ​​You, Guo, Yong, Mu, Jia, Feng, and Shen in Chinese characters. The face is flat and square in the shape of Tian, ​​the upper is narrow and the lower is composed of the font, the square is the Chinese font, the upper and the lower are large, the long face is in the shape of the eye, the upper and lower tip is in the shape of A, the two cheeks are broad in the shape of the wind, and the upper is narrow. The lower tip is the Shen shape. The three courts are used to illustrate the proportion of the face. From the hairline to the center of the brows is the upper court, the center of the brows to the tip of the nose is the atrium, and the tip of the nose to the chin is the lower court. Five-pair means that when the face is viewed head-up, the two eyes, the distance between the two eyes, and the length from the outer corner of the two eyes to the outer contour of the face are equal, so that the face is divided into five equal parts. Eight frames, three courts, and five matchings, Wang Yi of the Yuan Dynasty called the ancient method of portrait painting in his "Secrets of Photography".

3. Head: the appearance of a good person, the head should be "bone desire rises, the desire is steep and convex, the skin desires thick, the forehead desire is broad", if it is "the bones are prosperous, the verbal hero, Tiancang The left and right are abundant and noble, and the bones of the sun and moon rise from the chief official Cao", which can be called a noble appearance. The ancients mainly looked at the flatness, concavity, convexity, lightness of the head, and the height of the hairline. The so-called "the top of the head is flat and virtuous; Bandits, bald-headed people are sleek, with many convex heads and evil, the back of the head is flat and full, and people are straight and kind." "People with high hairline have multiple sexes and have longevity", "people with sunken heads have a long life, and those with thin skin are poor and low." In addition, the ancients divided it into "male left and female right", so it was said in the book that "the one who is sunken on the right hurts his mother, and the one who is sunken on the left hurts his father."

Hair and beard are attached to the head and face, so look at the head and face of a person, and you must not forget to look at the hair and beard. "The hair should be clear and detailed, black and smooth, and beauty is light, everything is expensive", "Yellow is more torment, red is more disaster", "Those who are thick and straight are strong in nature, and those who are curled are cunning." Therefore, people with "hard" hair have a strong personality, those with "soft" hair are gentle but very sensitive; people with "frizz" hair are more emotional; people with "curly" hair are mostly cunning and suspicious; hair is "curly and hard" People who think a lot and talk a lot, those with "soft and curly" hair often contain scheming. People with "straight hair" are bold and straightforward; those with "more" hair are more thoughtful, and those with "less" hair tend to be neurotic. "Long-haired" men are a bit feminine, and women with short hair often look like " male-in- law".

"Should belong to the kidney and be born with water and qi, so men have a beard for layman's kidney qi, while women needn't for eunuchs." Long beards "avoid swaying, and short beards should be avoided."

4. Face: "The Theory of Phase" refers to a person's face as "the spiritual abode of a hundred parts and the path of the gods through the five internal organs". According to the face of a person, you can "push the image of the three talents and determine the gains and losses of one body." The so-called "three talents" refers to "heaven, earth and man", the forehead is the sky, the person who wants to be broad and round is the noble; the nose is the person, and the person who wants to live up to the longevity; the jaw is the ground, and the person who wants to be rich is rich.

There is also the "three stops" in physiognomy:

Hairline-eyebrows, for the upper stop, mainly reflecting the physical and living conditions of a person in adolescence;

Yintang—The nose is accurate, which is a stoppage, which mainly reflects the physique and living conditions of the middle-aged person;

The lower jaw is the lower jaw, which mainly reflects the physique and living conditions of a person in old age.

Therefore, in physiognomy, there are: "Stop stopping for long, young and prosperous; middle stopping for long, approaching the king; stopping for long, old Jichang", "three stops on average, prosperity and glory, three stops uneven, loneliness and poverty", etc. statement. He also believes that "three ministries, want to be full", "good looks and calmness" are the foundation of wealth. And "the forehead is the main disaster (illness) at the beginning of the forehead, and the main flight is in the crooked nose (rushing to be uneasy), and if you want to test the evening scene, the court is happy and high."

In physiognomy, “the forehead is Mars, which must be high and bright; the ears are gold and wood and two stars, which must be white and red; the nose is Saturn, which must be thick and bright; the mouth is Mercury, which must be thick and bright red; and the Yintang is purple gas, which must be perfect. Bright; the root of the mountain is the moon, which should be straight without lines, the left eyebrow is Luohu, the right eyebrow is the capital, it should be tall and long into the temple, the color is horizontal; the left eye is the sun, the right eye is the lunar, it should be bright and energetic, black and white There is fine".

At the same time, the face is divided into five mountains and four dunes in the photo book. "The front is Hengshan (Nan Yue) and Tiancheng, which is broad and perfect; the jaw is Hengshan (Beiyue), which is close to Haiti, and is taken from the rich dynasty; the nose is Songshan ( Zhongyue) is also a Yuzhu, taking Gaolong Guantian; the left zygomatic is Mount Tai (Dongyue), the right zygomatic is Huashan (Xiyue), and it is also Yuliang, which is inserted into Tiancang to assist with power." "The ear is Jiangdu, which is moist and deep from the orifice; the eye is Hedu, which is affectionate and long; the mouth is Huaidu, and the square is thick and rich; the nose is for Jidu, and it is clear and perfect."

If there are "five mountains dumped" (the part is sunken or has moles), and the "four waters are countercurrent and light and turbid" (the part is dull), most of them are sick and unable to live long. And "the face is like a full moon, beautiful and dazzling, it is called the face of the morning glow", the face is "fluffy and muddy, withered flames and windless, like dusty people", and died of poverty.

In addition to looking at the appearance of a person, one should also look at the thickness and color of the skin. “Thick skins are pure and filial; those with thin skins are sensitive but poor; those with fat and thin skins have a long life (gentle personality). The thin-faced elderly are short-lived and impatient." "Those with thin and thick faces are poor and old; those with face upside down are arrogant and arrogant; those with green faces are more dangerous; those with weak faces are evil; those with red faces are more sexually violent; those with purple faces are more afflicted; those with yellow faces are more ill. , Black-faced people are poor and short-minded, plagued by disasters, their faces are rotten red, and greed and sex dominate licentiousness."

The painting method of human figures starts from the nose, and its theoretical basis is related to Chinese astrology. Astrology calls the nose Saturn, thinking that the nose is located in the center of the five sense organs, just like Saturn is in the center of the five stars. According to the convention that the center is higher than the surroundings and the nose is painted first, it is logical. This painting method has been passed down to the Qing Dynasty. When introducing the painting method of facial features, Jiang Ji from the Qing Dynasty wrote: “One draw with two nostrils, two draw with a stroke of the nose, three draws with a nose, and four draws with a nose.” Zhang Xianghe noted. : "Left first and then right. This is the case for all two opposing parties." First left and then right follow the preaching of "Left Respect and Right Inferiority" advocated by "Book of Rites".

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